From the history of Brazil

Brazil is 47 percent in South America, was in fifth place in terms of area and population (198 million), it shares borders with all countries of the continent except Chile and Ecuador, Brazil name derives from the Portuguese brasa, ie heat, hot coals. The same words of Portuguese colonial officials called red sandalwood tree, which once was the main item of Brazilian exports, but today is rare. Brazil, a country with a very diverse nature in the world. There are about 5000 species of trees, approximately Z000 species of terrestrial vertebrates (including 95 species of monkeys). The length of the Atlantic coastline of Brazil's 7,491 kilometer. In the country is the world's largest river island Marazho, which occupies more land than Switzerland. The island is located at the mouth of the Amazon's most full-flowing river in the world of almost 6,500 kilometers. Brazilian population is composed of four major ethnic groups, descendants of the Portuguese colonialists, flood, 4kov African slaves. descendants of later immigrants from Europe (Italians, Germans and Spaniards). and indigenous Indian peoples, originally reached the last number of six million people, and today is an example of but half a million. Only a few Indian tribes of Amazonia are a traditional way of life. Nearly 200,000 Indians live in cities, which already holds about 85 percent of the population. Brazilian territory is divided into 26 states and the Federal District of Brasilia. The largest megacities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In Sao Paulo is home to over 20 million people, making the city the largest metropolis in the Southern Hemisphere. Rio de Janeiro (12 million) on 200 years of tension was the capital of Brazil. In 196O, the nation's capital was moved to Brasilia, built from scratch. In XVl century Brazil was colonized by the Portuguese. At the beginning of the XIX century Portuguese king Joao Vl, fleeing the advance of Napoleon, with the entire court fled to Brazil. At the time of the French occupation of Portugal capital of the Great Empire Portygalskoy de facto become Rio de Janeiro. The King has returned to Europe only in 1821. Authorities in Brazil, he gave his son, Pedro, l, who soon declared independence and adopted the title of Emperor of Brazil. At the end of XlX century, the country was a military coup and the monarchy was overthrown. After a period of democracy, 1950 in 1964, the authorities will again have enough for the military junta. There was a time of political repression and revolutionary struggle. However, the arbitrariness and violence have reached such a scale in Brazil, as in Argentina or Chile. In 1985, after a wave of demonstrations demanding direct presidential elections the country has selected a civilian president. The military dictatorship has left the country with nothing: a giant external debt, including formed and because of the cost of already halted by tomy-time program to develop nuclear weapons, hyperinflation and corruption. Economic recovery began in mid-1990 during the reign of President Cardoso, who was in the 200Z was succeeded by Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. In 2010, the President became the first woman.